Two companies each earned ₹100 crore last year. One required ₹1,000 crore of shareholder capital to produce that profit; the other needed only ₹200 crore. Same headline number, completely different business quality. Return on Equity (ROE) is the ratio that makes this difference visible.

Return on Equity measures how many rupees of profit a business generates for every rupee of equity its shareholders have put in. The higher the ROE, the more efficiently management is deploying owner capital to produce earnings.

The formula

ROE = Net Profit / Shareholders' Equity

Shareholders' equity is the accounting net worth of the business: assets minus liabilities, or equivalently the capital shareholders have injected plus retained earnings accumulated over the years.

Example: A company with ₹500 crore net profit and ₹2,500 crore shareholders' equity has an ROE of 20%. For every ₹100 the owners have left in the business, management earns ₹20.

What a "good" ROE looks like

There is no universal threshold, but as a practical framework:

The comparison that matters most is ROE vs. the company's own cost of equity. If a business consistently earns 25% ROE but its shareholders demand 14% returns, it is creating real economic value. If it earns 8% ROE against a 12% cost, it is destroying it regardless of growing profits.

Why sustainability matters more than the number itself

ROE can be engineered. A company can borrow heavily and deploy that debt to inflate reported equity returns without improving the underlying business. The DuPont decomposition unpacks this:

ROE = Net Margin × Asset Turnover × Equity Multiplier
        (profitability)  (efficiency)    (leverage)

A rising ROE is a positive signal only when it is driven by higher margins or better asset turns — not by piling on debt. Check the balance sheet alongside ROE. If debt-to-equity is rising in lockstep with ROE, the higher number is partly a leverage artifact.

ROE vs. ROIC: choosing the right lens

ROE and ROIC (Return on Invested Capital) measure similar things but with different denominators:

• ROE uses only equity in the denominator — it is the return to shareholders, so it is influenced by how the company is financed.
• ROIC uses total invested capital (equity + debt) — it strips out capital structure to measure the raw quality of the business operations.

For companies with material debt or variable leverage across a cycle, ROIC is the cleaner signal of economic quality. ROE is faster to compute and more intuitive for businesses like banks (where leverage is the product, not an artifact) and for comparing peers within the same sector and capital structure.

A concrete example

Consider two Indian consumer companies, both with 18% ROE:

• Company A: 18% net margin, 1.0× asset turns, 1.0× equity multiplier (zero debt). Pure operating quality.
• Company B: 6% net margin, 1.0× asset turns, 3.0× equity multiplier (significant leverage). The same ROE, but Company A is the safer compounder.

Running the DuPont three-liner reveals the source within 30 seconds.

Why it matters to long-term investors

ROE predicts compounding power. A business that earns 20% ROE and reinvests most of its earnings back into the same high-return operations will compound book value — and ultimately share price — at rates near that 20% over time. Warren Buffett's original filter for Berkshire's stock purchases centred on companies earning 15%+ ROE without excessive debt, sustained across a cycle. The logic: if the business keeps reinvesting capital at high returns, time does most of the work.

Conversely, a low-ROE business consuming capital to grow is a treadmill — revenue and assets expand, but per-share value accretes slowly.

Try this

Pull up the last five annual reports for any company you hold or are researching. Track ROE year by year. Then run the DuPont split for the most recent year to see where that number comes from — margin, turns, or leverage. If ROE has risen but equity multiplier has risen faster, the "improvement" is borrowed.

JustJot.ai's research note tool lets you save this three-number breakdown alongside the company's annual filings so the source of ROE is always visible when you revisit the thesis.